Friday, June 13, 2008

Final exam with answers

Here.

Here's how grades work: add up your homework percentage, midterms, twice the final, and divide by 5.
Then find the range:

-----A
70
-----B
55
-----C
40
-----D
25
-----F

with + and - in those ranges too.

Thursday, June 12, 2008

Monday, June 09, 2008

Neeraj's office hours

"I plan on having OH on Wed 2:30-3:30 so that they can come by to pick up exams and such. (2:30 is when one finals time-slot ends, so even if students have exams that day, they can drop by between 2:30-3.)"

Office hours

I'll be in my office (7450 APM) Tuesday 11-4 and Wednesday 11-2. I'll be giving preference to my Math 109 students on Tuesday and my Ma 20b students on Wednesday, but anyone will be welcome any time.
If you want to call ahead to check "Are you already tied up with the other class?", feel free; my office number is 858-534-6450.
(Don't get 7450 and 6450 confused!)

Some practice questions (now with answers)

Of course you should look again at the practice questions for the midterms. Here are some new ones. "^" means superscript, so x^2 means x squared, etc.


1. Write out the first ten terms (up to x^9) in the Taylor series of

a) f(x) = 1 / (1-x^2)

A. We did this for 1/(1-x) and got 1 + x + x^2 + x^3 + ...
So plug in x^2, and you get
1/(1-x^2) = 1 + x^2 + x^4 + x^6 + x^8 + ... omitting terms higher than x^9.

b) (1-x^4) f(x).

A. You could take the answer above and multiply by 1-x^4. There'd be a lot of cancelation.
Or you could notice that 1 - x^4 = (1+x^2)(1-x^2), so the answer to (b) is 1 + x^2 on the nose.


2. For which values of b does
\integral_{x=0}^{infinity} (e^{bx} + e^{-bx}) dx
converge?

A. None.
If b>0, then the first term goes to infinity, and the second to zero, so the integrand doesn't go to zero (it goes to infinity).
If b<0, then the second term goes to infinity, and the first to zero, so the integrand doesn't go to zero (it goes to infinity).
If b=0, then both terms are 1, so the integrand doesn't go to zero (it's always 2).

3. You've invented the Next Big Thing. It will sell increasingly well,
until the Next Next Big Thing comes out, at which point sales will collapse.
But that won't happen until N months from now.

A representative of MicrohooTM offers you $1000 up front, plus
a pay rate of $100/month at time t. Alternately, she can offer
you a pay rate of $t/month (paid continuously), with nothing up front.

Which deal should you take? You answer should depend on N.

A. This was a lousy question (which is why I kicked it out of the final, where no question is as badly worded as this one).

What it was supposed to get across was the idea that if you take deal #1, then by time S (S < N) you've accumulated 1000 + 100*S dollars.
Whereas if you take deal #2, by time S (S < N) you've accumulated integral_{t=0}^S t dt dollars.

For S small, 1000 + 100*S > S^2/2. Whereas for S large, deal #2 is better. You can figure out when deal #2 starts to beat deal #1 by solving this quadratic equation for S. If N is less than that number, take deal #1; if N is more, take deal #2.

Saturday, June 07, 2008

Sections to study for the final

5.2,3,4,5,6
6.1,2,3
7.2,6,7
9.1,2,3,5
10.1,2,3,5,7

The final will cover all of those (or, as much as can practicably be tested in 3 hours), pretty evenly. It will NOT be just stuff since the second midterm!

Same basic rules for the final -- closed book, bring one double-sided sheet of notes, no calculator, no blue book necessary -- with the extra proviso that you bring your UCSD ID. Do remember to turn off your phone... or else.

Monday, June 02, 2008

Midterm 2 spread

100-75 A
75-55 B
55-40 C
40-25 D
25-0 F

Thursday, May 29, 2008

Last HW, due Friday June 6

10.3 #5,7,10,14 but you can use whatever test you like
#41,47
10.5 #1,5,6,24
10.7 #5,13,21,79

Wednesday, May 28, 2008

Wednesday May 28

Some criteria for convergence of infinite series:
If it "absolutely converges", it converges.
Comparison theorem; if a series with positive terms is bounded above by a convergent series, then it too converges.
Integral test; if our series comes from a decreasing positive function, then the series converges if and only if the improper integral converges. We actually proved this!

Monday, May 19, 2008

No office hours this week

I'm out of town.

Practice problems for midterm #2 (this Friday)

7.2 # 13,23,29,37,49
7.6 # 17,22,24
7.7 # 15,28,34
9.1 # 9,20,33,43
9.2 # 6
9.5 # 9,13

Thursday, May 15, 2008

Monday and Wednesday May 12 & 14

5/12
9.2 Exponential growth and decay. Newton's law of cooling.
Nibbling on basil example of exponential growth (possibly negative).
9.4 What the logistic equation means, above carrying capacity.
9.5 First-order linear homogeneous equations.
A derivation of the integrating factor, based on the idea that one solves the homogeneous first and uses it as a stepping-stone.

5/14
Rederivation of the general solution.
Applied to a nonmotivated example from the book.
Then we thought about filling up a bathtub, initially half-full of cold water, with warm water, while it's draining (more slowly than it fills). During this process the water draining becomes warmer and warmer. What's the temperature at the time the bath is full?
This turned out to be a linear inhomogeneous first-order DE.

10.1 Infinite sequences. The definition of "this sequence converges to x", with epsilons and large Ns.

Wednesday, May 14, 2008

HW #6 due Monday May 19

9.2 #8,23,24
9.3 #4,7,13
9.5 #1,4,8,20,27

Friday, May 09, 2008

Wednesday & Friday May 7 & 9

9.1 Differential equations.

Separability.
Straight lines through the origin.
Circles around the origin.
Initial value problems.
Growth of a cell.
The logistic equation.

Linear homogeneous & inhomogeneous.
The spring equation (2nd order homogeneous).
The spring equation in presence of gravity (inhomogeneous).

Tuesday, May 06, 2008

HW #5 due Monday May 12

9.1 #5,6,7,11,19,21,42,52,53

Monday May 5

Comparison theorem for improper integrals.
With proper integrals, we don't have to worry about whether the answer is actually finite; it is. With improper ones sometimes we can't calculate them exactly, but we still want to know the answer is finite. The comparison theorem lets us do that; it's much more important than in the proper-integral situation.

9.1 Diff-eqs.
We just started this, and solved y' = y/x (the solutions are straight lines through the origin, which makes sense).

Friday, May 02, 2008

Friday May 2

I pointed out that step 1 of the partial fractions expansion algorithm -- long division of the numerator by the denominator, leaving a remainder term -- can be thought of as "peeling off the terms that blow up at x = infinity". Which can be done almost the same way as we do the rest of the algorithm; divide by the highest power of x, then look at the limit as x->infinity.
Not that there's much reason to do it that way; I was just sayin'.

Then we did improper integrals. I spent a long time on one example: integral0picot(x) dx. This is improper at both ends, and there's no best way to evaluate it, in that different approaches give different answers. So one should declare this to have no answer.

Wednesday April 2

We saw the general rule for doing partial fraction expansion, i.e. what to do if the polynomial in the denominator has repeated roots.
Then we touched upon improper integrals.

Thursday, May 01, 2008

Second midterm Friday May 23

The second midterm will be on Friday May 23.

Tuesday, April 29, 2008

HW #4 due Monday May 5

7.6 #4,12,15,19,47
7.7 #1,2,5,6,19,30,33,78

Monday, April 28, 2008

Monday April 28

More partial fractions.
Long division of polynomials (i.e. the usual long division algorithm, but with polynomials).
Factoring the denominator using complex roots.
We haven't yet addressed the possibility that the denominator has repeated factors; that will be next time.

Friday, April 25, 2008

Friday April 25

Section 7.5. Hyperbolic trig functions.
We talked a bit about why the word "hyperbolic" is there. Both circles and hyperbolae are conic sections.

Section 7.6. Partial fractions.
So far we did a couple of examples. The basic trick, to figure out the coefficient on some term, is to multiply through by that denominator THEN set the once-denominator equal to 0. All other terms die, exposing the one you're trying to compute.

Midterm #1 breakdown

In the extremely unlikely event that your final letter grade were to be determined from only the midterm #1 grade, it would be as follows:

80-100 A
60-80 B
45-60 C
30-45 D
<30 F

We will not be figuring out your final grade using this letter, but rather the raw number, so don't worry if e.g. you got 79 rather than 80.

Wednesday, April 23, 2008

HW #3 due Wednesday April 30

6.3 #9,15,23,25
7.2 #2,3,7,20,36,45,66

Read 7.3 and looking heavenward, reflect internally upon the value of complex exponentials.

Integrate exp(2x) sin(x).

Wednesday April 23

Last time I introduced complex numbers, and how to think about multiplying them: they scale and rotate.
This time we studied pure rotations (i.e. scaling by 1), and showed that if there's any justice, the complex number z such that multiplying by z implements rotation by theta, should be z = exp(i theta).

This gave us formulae for sin and cos in terms of complex exponentials, which is good because the latter are much easier to work with.

Midterm with answers

The midterm answers are here.

Tuesday, April 22, 2008

Office hours Thursday

I am traveling and will be back tomorrow; the Tuesday office hour is moved to Thursday.
Answers to the first midterm will be up soon.

Friday, April 18, 2008

Answers to practice midterm

Here. There were a couple of other mistakes, also fixed.

Tiny mistake in practice midterm

In question #9, the integral over t should have a dt, not a dx. It's fixed now.

I'll put up answers tomorrow.

Wednesday, April 16, 2008

Monday April 14

We talked about linear density along a rod, and mass as the integral of density.
Using the linear density, you can compute not just the total mass (integral of rho(x) dx),
but also the rotational inertia (integral of x rho(x) dx).

We also talked about population density. If the density per square mile is only a function of the distance from the origin, then total population = integralr=0r=D rho(r) 2 pi r dr, where the extra factor of 2 pi r accounts for the length of the circle at radius r.

Then we talked about change in energy as
integral of (force(t) times speed(t) times cos(angle between force and velocity) dt).
So if the force is pushing the same direction as the moving object, it gains energy;
if it's the opposite direction, it loses energy;
if it's perpendicular (like whirling something around your head on a string) it stays the same.

Practice midterm #1 (which is next Monday)

It's here, in PDF.

If this gives you a sense that you'd better know your sine from cosine -- you're right! You can draw them on your cheat sheet, of course.

The case of the missing TA

While I don't have the complete story at this time on why the 2-4 PM TA was missing in action, a replacement has been obtained. He is Michael Scullard, and will indeed be at section tomorrow. I apologize deeply to the people left floundering in those sections, and hope and believe that things will run smoothly from here on out.

Friday, April 11, 2008

Friday April 11

We computed the volume of ball, using the area of a disk.
Then we tried to compute it using the area of a sphere.
Since we (pretended we) didn't know that area, we worked backwards, differentiating the volume formula w.r.t. radius to get the area of the sphere.

We computed the volume of a cube by slicing it into equal squares. Pretty silly.
Then we computed it again, by slicing at 45 degrees, into rectangles all of the same height. Sillier.
Then I described what the slices look like lengthwise: triangles, then hexagons, then triangles again, and left it to the masochists to confirm that the volume is still 1.

Definition: the average value of a function. Statement of the Mean Value Theorem in this context.

Thursday, April 10, 2008

Wednesday April 9

We did a number of examples of substitution. Basic principle: look deep into your complicated function for the smallest substitution you can make.
For example, when integrating 1 / x (ln x)1/2, let u = ln x not (ln x)1/2 or anything more complicated.

6.1 Area between two curves.
6.2 Volume = integral of areas
We set up the integral for computing the volume of a sphere.

Tuesday, April 08, 2008

HW #2 due Monday April 14

Section 5.6: Turn in: 26, 38, 40, 60, 90; Additional: 13, 17, 19, 25, 85
Section 6.1: Turn in: 4, 30, 32, 50; Additional: 17, 37, 41
Section 6.2: Turn in: 6, 10, 52, 56; Additional: 7, 9, 13, 57

Friday April 4 and Monday April 7

4/4.
5.2. When a function has a different formula on different intervals, you're better off integrating it separately on the different intervals and adding them together.

5.3,4. The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, in two versions:
v2. if you integrate something continuous then differentiate, you get back the function you started with.
v1. if you differentiate something differentiable then integrate, you almost get back the function you started with; you get it up to an additive constant.

An example of an integral to compute total food eaten by a pet hamster and lion.

An example with the Baby Name Wizard of computing the number of Allens between the ages of 30 and 40, as an integral. I drew the graphs of Beulah, Brianna, Adolf, and Monica.

4/7.
Definite integrals vs. indefinite. Definite integrals are numbers; indefinite integrals are lazily written (by everyone) as functions, when really they're "functions up to an additive constant". So make sure you include that "+ C" when indefinitely integrating something.

5.6. Recall that the chain rule of differentiation (f(g(x)))' produces a product f'(g(x)) g'(x). So when faced with an integral of a product, see if you can recognize the product as being the derivative of a composite function.

Why is the dx so important to remember in integrals? Because you need to change it, too, when you do change of variable. Otherwise you get the wrong answer, as I demonstrated.

Friday, April 04, 2008

Shortening HW #1

As we've gotten off to a slow start I'm moving the 5.6 questions to next week's homework. Don't turn them in this week. What remains:



HOMEWORK 1: Due Monday, April 7

* Section 5.2: Turn in: 14, 76; Additional: 13, 53
* Section 5.3: Turn in: 10, 20, 32, 46; Additional: 11, 19
* Section 5.4: Turn in: 4, 10, 18, 28; Additional: 19, 23
* Section 5.5: Turn in: 8, 14; Additional: 9

Wednesday, April 02, 2008

PLEASE PLEASE PLEASE

Ask questions in class! I said it on Monday, and I guess I should have said it again today.

I didn't even notice that I'd used epsilon and "is an element of", two different mathematical symbols that look very similar, and that there might be confusion. If you have a question of the form "what is so-and-so / what does so-and-so mean?" it (1) is surely a question somebody else has in this 200-strong class and (2) is very easy to answer quickly, no trouble at all!

There were maybe 5 questions in class today. I'd be happier with 50, even -- especially -- if they're as simple as the above. Even if they're complicated, go for it.

Wednesday April 2

Though in general we'll be computing integrals in terms of their interpretation as areas, I gave the definition as a limit of Riemann sums. Since the limit in question is a limit over refinements of partitions (not the simple sort of limit of real numbers one uses to compute derivatives), I talked about limits in general for a while first.

Most substantively going forward, I stated a few of the nice properties integrals have, like the integral of a sum being the sum of the integrals, the integral of C*f being C * the integral of f (for C a constant), and that one can break the interval being integrated over into two pieces and add them up.

This motivates the definition we'll use for integrating "from a to b" when b < a, namely the negative of integrating from b to a.

Tuesday, April 01, 2008

Monday March 31

We discussed briefly the topics we'll cover: integration, applications thereof, techniques for integrating, differential equations. I mentioned infinite series, but we didn't get to talk about them yet.

Monday, March 31, 2008

Welcome to Math 20b / Monday, March 31

The main course webpage is here, where one finds syllabus, hours, dates, that sort of thing.

HOMEWORK 1: Due Monday, April 7

* Section 5.2: Turn in: 14, 76; Additional: 13, 53
* Section 5.3: Turn in: 10, 20, 32, 46; Additional: 11, 19
* Section 5.4: Turn in: 4, 10, 18, 28; Additional: 19, 23
* Section 5.5: Turn in: 8, 14; Additional: 9
* Section 5.6: Turn in: 26, 38, 40, 60, 90; Additional: 13, 17, 19, 25, 85
moved to next week

This iswas the same homework as in Dr. Stevens' 20B, so you have a week to look around.